Commercial general liability policies pay when you accidentally damage someone else’s property, but every CGL form carries a list of exclusions that strip coverage from specific risks. The common exclusions in property damage liability insurance appear in nearly identical form across carriers because most insurers build on standard forms published by the Insurance Services Office (ISO). Knowing where these exclusions sit, and what narrow exceptions survive inside them, tells you whether your CGL alone is enough or whether you need a separate policy to fill the gap.
Intentional Damage
Insurance covers accidents, not plans. The standard CGL form excludes property damage “expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured.”1Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form Courts uphold the exclusion when the act itself was intentional even if the damage spiraled further than you meant. Light a small trash fire that consumes an entire building, and the exclusion still applies, because starting the fire was a conscious choice.
The CGL does carry an exception that restores coverage for bodily injury caused by reasonable force used to protect people or property. That exception applies only to bodily injury. For property damage, the intentional acts exclusion has no built-in safety valve.
Property in Your Care, Custody, or Control
Liability insurance pays when you damage someone else’s property, not when you damage property you were already responsible for safeguarding. Exclusion j. eliminates coverage for damage to personal property in the care, custody, or control of the insured, along with property the insured owns, rents, or occupies.1Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form If you’re the one holding it, moving it, or maintaining it, the risk belongs to you or your property insurer.
A repair shop that drops a customer’s server during diagnostics, a warehouse operator whose forklift crushes stored inventory, a contractor who damages the building they’re leasing: all would likely find their CGL silent. These situations call for inland marine, bailee, or property insurance rather than general liability.
The Fire Legal Liability Exception
The CGL carves out an exception for fire damage to premises you rent or temporarily occupy with the owner’s permission. If your employees accidentally start a fire that damages the landlord’s building, the policy responds up to a separate sublimit shown on your declarations page, commonly $100,000. Since 1998, the form also includes a second exception covering damage from any cause to premises you rent for seven or fewer consecutive days, which matters for businesses using short-term event spaces. These built-in exceptions are narrower than a standalone property policy, so tenants in high-value spaces often negotiate higher sublimits or buy separate coverage.
Damage to Your Own Product or Work
Two related exclusions prevent the CGL from acting as a product warranty or a construction performance bond. Exclusion k. eliminates coverage for damage to “your product” arising out of that product or any part of it. Exclusion l. does the same for “your work” once it falls within the products-completed operations hazard.1Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form If a roof joist you manufactured is defective, your CGL won’t pay to replace that joist. If you installed a plumbing system and it fails after the job is done, the cost to redo your own plumbing isn’t covered.
The distinction that trips people up is between damage to the defective component and consequential damage to everything else. If that defective roof joist causes the ceiling to collapse and ruins the homeowner’s hardwood floors, the policy still won’t pay for the joist itself, but it likely will cover the damaged flooring. The exclusion targets the cost of standing behind your own workmanship, not the downstream harm your defect causes to someone else’s property.
The Subcontractor Exception
Exclusion l. includes an exception that matters enormously for general contractors: if the damaged work was performed on your behalf by a subcontractor, the exclusion does not apply. A general contractor whose subcontractor installed a faulty HVAC system that later damages the building can look to the CGL for coverage. Without this exception, general contractors would face an uninsurable gap for every trade they hire out.
Contractual Liability
Businesses routinely sign contracts containing indemnity clauses, promising to pay for another party’s losses regardless of fault. The CGL’s contractual liability exclusion strips coverage for obligations you take on purely because of a contract.1Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form If you would not have been legally liable without that contract, the insurer doesn’t want to pay simply because you promised someone you would.
This is where many policyholders get burned. A contractor signs a hold harmless agreement accepting responsibility for all damage on a job site, including damage caused by the property owner’s own negligence. The contractor assumes the CGL will backstop that promise. When a claim lands, the insurer points to the exclusion and walks away.
The Insured Contract Exception
The CGL form defines a category called an “insured contract” that gets coverage back. Five specific contract types qualify automatically: leases of premises, sidetrack agreements, easement or license agreements, municipal indemnification agreements, and elevator maintenance agreements. Beyond those, a broader blanket clause restores coverage for any contract related to your business under which you assume someone else’s tort liability, meaning the kind of liability that would exist even without a contract, like negligence. If the indemnity clause in your construction agreement requires you to cover the property owner for the owner’s own negligence to third parties, the blanket insured contract clause brings that back into coverage. Contracts that require you to guarantee outcomes unrelated to anyone’s negligence remain excluded.
Pollution and Environmental Damage
The total pollution exclusion ranks among the broadest carve-outs in the standard CGL. It eliminates coverage for property damage arising out of the release of pollutants into air, water, or soil, whether the release was sudden or gradual, intentional or accidental.1Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form The policy defines “pollutants” expansively to include any solid, liquid, gaseous, or thermal irritant or contaminant: smoke, fumes, acids, chemicals, waste. Even cleaning solvents, diesel fuel, and paint fall within that definition when they escape their intended container.
Environmental remediation costs are the main reason insurers drew this line. Cleanup at contaminated industrial sites routinely runs into the tens of millions of dollars. Businesses that handle hazardous materials need a standalone environmental liability policy to fill this gap.
The Hostile Fire Exception
One narrow exception survives: property damage caused by heat, smoke, or fumes from a “hostile fire,” a fire that escapes its intended containment, remains covered.2Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form CG 00 01 04 13 If a warehouse fire sends smoke across the street and damages a neighbor’s inventory, the pollution exclusion doesn’t block that claim. The exception does not extend to chemical releases that merely accompany a fire, only heat, smoke, and fumes from the fire itself.
Vehicles, Aircraft, and Watercraft
The CGL excludes property damage arising out of the ownership, use, or maintenance of any aircraft, automobile, or watercraft that the insured owns, operates, rents, or borrows.1Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form Vehicle and aviation risks carry their own loss profiles and require separate underwriting. If your delivery van plows into a customer’s storefront, your general liability insurer will deny the claim and point you to your auto carrier.
The exclusion also reaches situations where you lend a company vehicle to someone else or supervise employees driving their personal cars for business errands. The trigger is whether the vehicle was owned by, operated by, rented to, or loaned to an insured. A vehicle with no connection to any insured, say, a third party’s car that rolls onto your property and into a neighbor’s fence, wouldn’t activate the exclusion.
War and Terrorism
The base CGL form includes a war exclusion that eliminates coverage for property damage caused by war, civil war, insurrection, or rebellion, though in the standard form this exclusion applies only to liability assumed under a contract.1Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form ISO later introduced a broader endorsement, the War or Terrorism Exclusion, that sweeps in all liability arising out of war or warlike action, including government defensive and preventive operations, and adds a terrorism exclusion on top.
Terrorism coverage operates in the shadow of the federal Terrorism Risk Insurance Program (TRIP), which provides a government backstop for insured losses from certified acts of terrorism. TRIP is currently authorized through December 31, 2027.3U.S. Department of the Treasury. Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Under the program, insurers must offer terrorism coverage to commercial policyholders, and the federal government shares losses above certain thresholds. Whether your policy actually covers terrorism depends on whether you accepted or rejected that offer when the policy was issued.
Product Recall Costs
When a product turns out to be defective before it injures anyone, the CGL’s recall exclusion (exclusion n.) ensures you pay for the fix yourself. It eliminates coverage for the costs of withdrawing, recalling, inspecting, repairing, replacing, or disposing of your product, your work, or impaired property when the recall is triggered by a known or suspected defect.1Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form The exclusion applies regardless of who initiates the recall: you, a regulatory agency, or a downstream distributor.
The reasoning is that recall costs are a preventive business expense, not a liability for harm already done. Your CGL covers the claim when your defective blender has already exploded and destroyed a customer’s kitchen. It does not cover the cost of recalling 50,000 identical blenders still sitting on store shelves. Manufacturers and distributors who want that protection need a separate product recall or product contamination policy.
Electronic Data
The CGL treats electronic data as something other than tangible property, and that distinction creates a significant gap. Exclusion p. eliminates coverage for loss, corruption, or inability to access electronic data when the damage does not result from physical injury to tangible property.2Insurance Services Office. Commercial General Liability Coverage Form CG 00 01 04 13 If your employee accidentally overwrites a client’s database or a software update you provide corrupts a customer’s files, the CGL won’t respond. The exclusion also covers notification costs, credit monitoring expenses, and forensic investigation costs arising from data breaches.
The exception is narrow: if physical damage to tangible property causes electronic data loss as a side effect, say, a fire destroys a server and the data on it, the CGL can cover that data loss. Pure data events with no physical trigger fall outside the policy entirely. Businesses that handle client data, provide software services, or store sensitive information need cyber liability insurance to cover these exposures.
Professional Services
The base CGL form does not automatically exclude professional services claims, but insurers routinely attach endorsements that add the exclusion to policies for architects, engineers, contractors, and other professionals. Once attached, these endorsements strip coverage for property damage arising from professional activities like preparing drawings, approving specifications, or providing supervisory and inspection services.
The gap this creates is that professional mistakes causing property damage, like an architect’s flawed structural design that leads to a collapse or an engineer’s miscalculation that causes a bridge failure, fall outside the endorsed CGL. Professional liability insurance (often called errors and omissions coverage) fills this space. Most professionals discover the endorsement exists only after a claim is denied, which is the wrong time to learn you needed a second policy.
Impaired Property
Exclusion m. targets a specific scenario: someone else’s property can’t be used, or is less useful, because it incorporates your product or work that turns out to be defective, but the property itself hasn’t been physically damaged. A machine that won’t run because your component is the wrong specification, or a building that fails inspection because your electrical work doesn’t meet code, falls into this category. The CGL won’t cover the resulting loss of use because the problem can be fixed by replacing your defective component rather than repairing actual physical damage.
The exception kicks in when your product or work suffers a sudden, accidental physical failure after being put to its intended use and that failure causes loss of use of other property. If your component physically breaks apart inside a customer’s machine and the machine goes down, the loss-of-use claim may survive the exclusion. The line between “your component doesn’t work” and “your component broke and took other things with it” is where coverage disputes in this area live, and it’s a finer distinction than most policyholders realize until the adjuster starts asking questions.