All of Biden’s Executive Orders: Full List by Topic and Year

Between January 20, 2021, and January 20, 2025, President Joe Biden signed 162 executive orders, numbered EO 13985 through EO 14146. A full list of Biden’s executive orders spans COVID-19 response, climate, immigration, racial equity, economic competition, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and gun violence, among other subjects.¹ Roughly 99 of those actions were revoked by the Trump administration in its first two months in office in 2025.²

How Many Orders Biden Signed Each Year

Activity was heavily front-loaded. Biden signed nine orders on his first day and 77 during 2021 alone. The pace fell sharply after that.¹

2021: 77 orders (EO 13985–14061)
2022: 29 orders (EO 14062–14090)
2023: 24 orders (EO 14091–14114)
2024: 19 orders (EO 14115–14133)
2025: 13 orders (EO 14134–14146), signed before leaving office on January 20

COVID-19 Response

The pandemic drove the earliest cluster. In his first two days, Biden established a national COVID-19 response structure, created a Pandemic Testing Board, mandated masks on federal property and public transportation, directed FEMA to fully reimburse states for National Guard deployments, and invoked the Defense Production Act to fill supply shortfalls for personal protective equipment and vaccine materials.³ He also halted the U.S. withdrawal from the World Health Organization.⁴

In September 2021, EO 14043 required COVID-19 vaccination for federal employees and EO 14042 required COVID safety protocols for federal contractors.⁵ Both drew legal challenges. Biden revoked them himself in May 2023 via EO 14099.⁶

Climate and Environment

EO 14008, “Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad,” signed January 27, 2021, set a goal of economy-wide net-zero emissions by 2050, carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035, and doubled offshore wind production by 2030. It established the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy and a National Climate Task Force, directed the Interior Department to develop a plan to conserve 30 percent of U.S. lands and waters by 2030, paused new oil and gas leases on public lands and offshore waters pending review, and directed agencies to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies.⁷

A companion first-day order, EO 13990, revoked the presidential permit for the Keystone XL pipeline, placed a moratorium on oil and gas leasing in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, reinstated protections for Arctic waters and the Bering Sea, and directed agencies to review all Trump-era regulations that conflicted with climate goals, including methane standards, fuel economy rules, and energy efficiency standards. It also established an Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases.⁸

Later climate orders included EO 14030 on climate-related financial risk (May 2021), EO 14037 on clean cars and trucks (August 2021), EO 14057 on federal sustainability and clean energy use (December 2021), and EO 14096 on environmental justice (April 2023).⁵⁹

Immigration

On day one, Biden terminated the national emergency declaration at the southern border, ended border wall funding, revoked the travel ban on several Muslim-majority countries, rescinded the “public charge” rule, terminated asylum cooperative agreements with Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, and created a task force to reunite families separated under the prior “zero tolerance” policy. He also directed agencies to preserve and strengthen DACA and required that noncitizens be included in the census count for congressional apportionment.¹⁰⁴

Enforcement measures came later. In May 2023, the administration implemented a rule presuming asylum ineligibility for migrants who did not use the CBP One scheduling app or apply for protection in a third country. In June 2024, Biden issued an executive order blocking asylum seekers from crossing into the United States when daily encounters exceeded 2,500.¹¹

Racial Equity and Policing

Biden’s very first order, EO 13985, directed federal agencies to conduct equity assessments and advance racial equity across government programs. He rescinded the 1776 Commission, reversed the ban on transgender Americans serving in the military, directed the Justice Department not to renew contracts with private prisons, and established White House initiatives on educational equity for Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian American and Pacific Islander communities.⁴⁵

EO 14074, signed on May 25, 2022, the anniversary of George Floyd’s death, addressed policing. It created a national registry of officers fired for misconduct, banned the federal use of chokeholds except when deadly force was authorized, restricted no-knock warrants, mandated body cameras for federal agents, limited the transfer of military equipment to police departments, and required federal officers to intervene to stop excessive force. Because the president cannot directly mandate changes for state and local police, the administration used federal grant funding as leverage.¹²

Economic Competition

EO 14036, signed July 9, 2021, launched a “whole-of-government” competition policy. It established a White House Competition Council and contained dozens of directives to reduce corporate consolidation. The order encouraged the FTC to curtail non-compete clauses limiting worker mobility and to address anticompetitive restrictions on consumers’ ability to repair their own products, citing the barriers facing farmers trying to fix their own equipment.¹³

The order backed legislative reforms to lower prescription drug prices and directed attention to hospital consolidation. In agriculture, it told the Secretary of Agriculture to strengthen regulations under the Packers and Stockyards Act and to define conditions for “Product of USA” meat labeling. The FCC was encouraged to adopt net neutrality rules. The DOT was directed to improve aviation consumer protections, including baggage fee refunds when luggage is delayed and transparent disclosure of ancillary fees.¹⁴ EO 14036 was revoked in August 2025.¹³

Artificial Intelligence

EO 14110, signed October 30, 2023, was the most comprehensive U.S. government action on AI at the time. It required companies developing powerful “dual-use foundation models,” defined as AI systems trained on broad data with at least tens of billions of parameters that could pose serious security risks, to report training activities, cybersecurity protections, and red-teaming results to the federal government. The National Institute of Standards and Technology was directed to establish safety guidelines, including a companion resource to the AI Risk Management Framework for generative AI. Agencies were told to assess AI-related risks to critical infrastructure, and entities operating large-scale computing clusters had to report their existence and location.¹⁵

The order was built around eight guiding principles: safety and security, responsible innovation, support for workers, equity and civil rights, consumer protection, privacy, federal government capacity, and global AI leadership.¹⁶ It was revoked by the Trump administration on January 20, 2025.¹⁵

Cybersecurity

EO 14028, signed May 12, 2021, overhauled federal cybersecurity practices after several high-profile breaches. It directed federal agencies to adopt zero trust architecture, required IT service providers to report severe cyber incidents within three days, and mandated a “software bill of materials” so that buyers of software could see what components their products contained. NIST was tasked with defining security standards for “critical software,” and agencies were told to remove products from federal contracts that did not meet those standards.¹⁷

The order also established a Cyber Safety Review Board, modeled on the National Transportation Safety Board, with authority to convene after significant cyber incidents and issue recommendations. CISA developed standardized playbooks for incident and vulnerability response across federal civilian agencies and published a zero trust maturity model.¹⁸

Gun Violence

Biden’s first firearms actions came in April 2021. He directed the Justice Department to propose a rule addressing ghost guns by treating firearm kits as regulated firearms, and to publish model red flag legislation to help states adopt their own extreme risk protection order laws.¹⁹

EO 14092, signed March 14, 2023, went further. It directed the Attorney General to clarify who is “engaged in the business” of dealing firearms, with the goal of bringing more sellers under federal background check requirements. It ordered the release of ATF inspection reports for dealers cited for legal violations, directed agencies to promote safe storage, and asked the FTC to report on how gun manufacturers market firearms to minors. Cabinet secretaries were ordered to encourage use of red flag laws by partnering with law enforcement, educators, and healthcare providers.²⁰ A 2024 follow-up, EO 14127, addressed emerging firearms threats and school-based active-shooter drills.²¹

Other Notable Orders

Reproductive healthcare: After the Supreme Court’s Dobbs decision in June 2022, EO 14076 and EO 14079 directed agencies to protect access to reproductive healthcare services and safeguard interstate travel for medical care.²²
Russia sanctions: EO 14065, 14066, 14068, and 14071 imposed escalating sanctions after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022.²²
West Bank sanctions: EO 14115, signed February 2024, imposed sanctions on individuals and entities responsible for violence, forced displacement, and property destruction in the West Bank. The Trump administration revoked it and unblocked all sanctioned assets on January 20, 2025.²³²⁴
Data protection: EO 14117, signed February 2024, restricted transactions involving Americans’ bulk sensitive personal data with six designated countries of concern (China, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Russia, and Venezuela), covering categories such as geolocation data, biometric identifiers, genomic data, and financial records above specified thresholds.²⁵
CHIPS Act implementation: EO 14080 directed implementation of the CHIPS and Science Act to boost domestic semiconductor manufacturing.²²
Federal contractor minimum wage: EO 14026 raised the minimum wage for federal contract workers to $15 an hour.⁴

Final Orders Before Leaving Office

Biden signed 13 executive orders in January 2025. Several addressed agency succession planning (EO 14134 through EO 14139) at the Departments of Agriculture, Homeland Security, Justice, Treasury, and the Office of Management and Budget. Others dealt with foreign policy, including actions on the Western Balkans (EO 14140) and Syria (EO 14142). EO 14141 advanced U.S. leadership in artificial intelligence infrastructure, and EO 14144 addressed cybersecurity innovation. His final two orders, signed January 19, focused on supporting economically distressed communities (EO 14145) and a partial revocation of a prior order on federal mission resilience (EO 14146).²⁶

Orders Struck Down in Court

The Supreme Court stayed the OSHA emergency temporary standard requiring vaccination or testing for private employers with 100 or more employees in January 2022, ruling in National Federation of Independent Business v. Department of Labor that COVID-19 was a universal risk rather than an occupational hazard and that OSHA’s statutory authority did not extend to broad public health mandates.²⁷ The federal contractor vaccine mandate (EO 14042) produced a circuit split, with three circuits upholding injunctions against it and the Ninth Circuit finding presidential authority for such requirements. Biden revoked both vaccine mandates himself in May 2023, mooting the litigation.⁶

The student loan forgiveness plan, announced in August 2022 and intended to cancel up to $10,000 in debt (or $20,000 for Pell Grant recipients) for borrowers earning under $125,000, was struck down in Biden v. Nebraska on June 30, 2023. The Court ruled 6-3 that the HEROES Act did not authorize the Secretary of Education to make such sweeping changes, invoking the major questions doctrine. The program had been estimated to cancel roughly $430 billion for about 43 million borrowers.²⁸²⁹

Biden’s May 2023 asylum restriction was also blocked. In East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Biden, a federal judge in the Northern District of California found the policy “simply rehashed prior rules” struck down during the Trump administration.³⁰ A proposed parole process for roughly 550,000 unauthorized immigrants married to U.S. citizens was blocked by a federal court in Texas in November 2024.³¹

Which Orders Trump Revoked

On January 20, 2025, President Trump signed EO 14148, “Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions,” revoking 78 Biden-era presidential orders and memoranda in a single stroke. The revoked executive orders numbered 62 and spanned Biden’s entire term, covering climate policy, racial equity, immigration, competition, AI regulation, policing reform, and other areas. An additional 16 presidential memoranda were rescinded, including Biden’s withdrawal of Arctic and offshore areas from oil and gas leasing and the certification rescinding Cuba’s designation as a state sponsor of terrorism.³²

On March 14, 2025, Trump signed a second rescission order revoking 18 more Biden actions, including EO 14026 (the federal contractor minimum wage increase), EO 14081 (biotechnology and biomanufacturing), EO 14119 (registered apprenticeships), and several Defense Production Act determinations related to clean energy. The White House stated that within two months of taking office, Trump had “rescinded more executive actions than the total number of executive orders President Biden signed in his entire first year.”³³ The two waves brought the total number of revoked Biden-era executive actions to roughly 99.²

Not everything was undone. Orders on cybersecurity, data protection, certain sanctions, and administrative matters remained in effect, though some saw their implementing regulations scaled back or deprioritized under the new administration.

1
Federal Register. Executive Orders
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The White House. Additional Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions
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NCSL. Biden Presidential Executive Orders and Other Actions
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CNN. Biden Executive Orders
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Federal Register. Executive Orders – Joe Biden – 2021
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Morrison Foerster. President Biden Revokes Federal Contractor Vaccine Mandate
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GovInfo. Executive Order 14008 – Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad
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Federal Register. Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science To Tackle the Climate Crisis
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Federal Register. Executive Orders – Joe Biden – 2023
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Congressional Research Service. Overview of Recent Immigration Executive Actions
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Miller Center. Biden Key Events
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NBC News. Biden Signs Police Reform Executive Order on Anniversary of George Floyd’s Death
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Federal Register. Promoting Competition in the American Economy
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The American Presidency Project. Executive Order 14036 – Promoting Competition in the American Economy
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Federal Register. Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence
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The American Presidency Project. Executive Order 14110 – Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence
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The American Presidency Project. Executive Order 14028 – Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity
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CISA. Executive Order – Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity
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Congressional Research Service. Biden Administration Executive Actions on Firearms
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The American Presidency Project. Executive Order 14092 – Reducing Gun Violence and Making Our Communities Safer
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Federal Register. Executive Orders – Joe Biden – 2024
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Federal Register. Executive Orders – Joe Biden – 2022
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Federal Register. Imposing Certain Sanctions on Persons Undermining Peace, Security, and Stability in the West Bank
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OFAC. Recent Actions
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UCSF Office of Ethics and Compliance. Executive Order 14117 – Preventing Access to Americans’ Bulk Sensitive Personal Data
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The American Presidency Project. Executive Orders Archive
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Supreme Court of the United States. National Federation of Independent Business v. Department of Labor
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Supreme Court of the United States. Biden v. Nebraska
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NCSL. Supreme Court Strikes Down Student Loan Forgiveness Program
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National Immigrant Justice Center. Federal Court Blocks Biden Asylum Ban
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Migration Policy Institute. Biden Immigration Legacy
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The White House. Initial Rescissions of Harmful Executive Orders and Actions
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The White House. Fact Sheet – President Donald J. Trump Rescinds Additional Harmful Biden Executive Actions